{"id":200874,"date":"2024-03-06T15:39:47","date_gmt":"2024-03-06T14:39:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/?p=200874"},"modified":"2024-03-10T21:40:19","modified_gmt":"2024-03-10T20:40:19","slug":"most-important-linux-commands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/","title":{"rendered":"Most Important Linux Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"200874\" class=\"elementor elementor-200874\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54d422 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54d422\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3809f0\" data-id=\"b3809f0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b79793a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b79793a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdministrators typically rely on a command-line interface (CLI) when managing a Linux remote system (such as a virtual private server). Numerous Linux distros feature a graphical user interface (GUI), which some users may find more helpful than a CLI. However, entering commands tends to be smoother and more flexible via a CLI.\n\nFor instance, you can use one command to replace certain entries across several files with a CLI, but that takes longer when using a GUI. As Linux has lots of commands for different tasks, though, it can be difficult to utilize Bash (Bourne Again Shell) shell.\n\nThat\u2019s why we\u2019ve created the following list of 60 need-to-know Linux commands for efficient virtual private server management.\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"#permissions\">Managing User and Permissions<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#files\">Managing Files and Directories<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#commands\">Commands for Processing and Searching Text<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#network\">Network Management and Problem Solving Commands<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#misc\">Miscellaneous commands<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#system\">System Management and Information Commands<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#hints\">More Hints for Using Linux Commands<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#final\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWe\u2019ll cover the most widely used commands for Linux below, conveniently categorized by their purpose (such as file modification).\n<h2 id=\"permissions\">Managing Users And Permissions<\/h2>\n<h4><strong>1. su command<\/strong><\/h4>\nYou can use the su command to run a Linux shell program as another user, which is helpful for connecting through SSH when the root user is deactivated. The basic syntax is:\n\n<code>su [options] [username [argument]]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>With no argument or option, su command runs via root and informs the user to utilize the sudo privileges on a temporary basis. You can try the following options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-s \u2014 allows you to define a different shell environment to run.<\/li>\n \t<li>-p \u2014 maintains the same shell setting, with HOME, LOGNAME, SHELL, and USER.<\/li>\n \t<li>-l \u2014 enables you to change users by running a login script. You\u2019ll need to put the user password in too.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nYou can use the whoami command to see the present shell\u2019s user account, such as:\n\n<code>root@srv:\/# su user1<\/code>\n\n<code>$ whoami<\/code>\n\n<code>user1<\/code>\n<h4>2. sudo command<\/h4>\nThe superuser do (sudo) command is one of Linux\u2019s most basic, and lets you run a command with root or admin permissions. The syntax is:\n\n<code>sudo (command)<\/code>\n\nTerminal will ask you for the root password when you use a sudo command. You can add various options, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-g \u2014 execute commands as a particular ID or group name.<\/li>\n \t<li>-h \u2014 run host commands.<\/li>\n \t<li>-k \u2014 the timestamp file becomes invalidated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHowever, be careful when running commands with sudo privileges. These can alter all elements of your system and potentially break it. You should only run it if you understand the possible implications.\n<h4>3. chown command<\/h4>\nYou can use chown to adjust the ownership of a directory or file to that of a certain username. The syntax is:\n\n<code>chown [option] owner [:group] file(s)<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you wanted to name linuxmaster10 as the owner of a file, you could enter\n\n<code>chown linuxmaster10 filename.txt<\/code>\n<h4>4. useradd and userdel commands<\/h4>\nThe useradd command is used with the passwd command (see below) to set up a new user account and modify its password. Here\u2019s how it looks:\n\n<code>useradd [option] username<\/code>\n\n<code><\/code><code>passwd username<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>However, useradd and passwd both need sudo privileges, so bear that in mind before you use them.\n\nYou can take advantage of the userdel command followed by the relevant username to remove that user. For example:\n\n<code>userdel user10<\/code>\n<h4>5. chmod command<\/h4>\nThe chmod command is utilized for adjusting permissions for files or directories. The syntax is:\n\n<code>chmod [option] [permission] [file_name]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>All files in Linux have a specific user class: owner, group member, or others. There are also three permissions: read, write, and execute.\n\nIf you, as the owner, plan to give each user all permissions, you could enter the following command:\n\n<code>chmod -rwxrwxrwx note.txt<\/code>\n<h2 id=\"files\">Managing Files and Directories<\/h2>\nThese Linux commands are used for managing files and directories.\n<h4>6. ls command<\/h4>\nIf you want to view a list of all files and directories, enter the ls command. The syntax is:\n\n<code>ls [\/directory\/folder\/path]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>It looks like this:\n\n<code>root@srv:\/# ls \/ directory\/folder\/path file1.txt<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>When you remove the path, the ls command displays the content of the directory currently working. However, you can change it with one of the following options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 displays every file, as well as those that are hidden.<\/li>\n \t<li>-R \u2014 shows a list of all files within subdirectories.<\/li>\n \t<li>-lh \u2014 transforms sizes into formats that are readable, including TB and GB.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>7. cd command<\/h4>\nThe cd command allows you to browse files and directories within your Linux system. The following syntax must be run with sudo privileges:\n\n<code>cd \/directory\/folder\/path<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Here\u2019s how it looks:\n\n<code>root@srv:\/# cd \/directory\/folder\/path<\/code>\n\n<code><\/code><code>root@srv:\/directory\/folder\/path#<\/code>\n\nYou need the directory name or complete path depending on your present location. So, you would remove \/username from \/username\/directory\/folder if you were inside it at the time.\n\nYou\u2019ll return to the home folder if you take the arguments out. Various shortcuts are available for simple navigation, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>&#8211; cd .. \u2014 jump up one directory.<\/li>\n \t<li>cd ~[username] \u2014 jumps to the home directory of a different user.<\/li>\n \t<li>cd- \u2014 jump back to the previous directory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>8. pwd command<\/h4>\nIf you want to check out the path of the directory currently working, you can use the pwd command. Here\u2019s its syntax:\n\n<code>pwd [option]<\/code>\n\nYou can use two pwd command options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-L or &#8212; logical \u2014 prints environment-variable content (e.g. symbolic links).<\/li>\n \t<li>-P or -physical \u2014 supplies the actual path of the currently working directory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHere\u2019s how it looks in action:\n\n<code>root@srv:\/directory\/folder\/path# pwd<\/code>\n\n<code>\/directory\/folder\/path<\/code>\n<h4>9. rmdir command<\/h4>\nYou can delete a whole Linux directory with this command, but only if you have sudo privileges within the parent directory. The syntax is:\n\n<code>rmdir [option] directory_name<\/code>\n\nHowever, the rmdir command will deliver an error when there\u2019s a subdirectory in the folder. You should use the -p option to forcibly delete a directory that isn\u2019t empty.\n<h4>10. mkdir command<\/h4>\nThe mkdir command enables you to make directories and define their permissions, but only if you have the authorization to create a new folder within the parent directory. Here\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>mkdir [option] [directory_name]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you want to make a folder inside a directory, the path should be the command parameter (such as<strong> mkdirfilms\/videos<\/strong>) will set up a videos folder within films. You can also use the following mkdir command options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-m \u2014 establishes folder permissions (such as read and write).<\/li>\n \t<li>-p \u2014 sets up a directory between a pair of previously created folders.<\/li>\n \t<li>-v \u2014 print a message for every existing directory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHere\u2019s an example:\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n<code>root@srv:\/# mkdir -v new-folder<\/code>\n\n<code>mkdir: created directory \u2018new-folder\u2019<\/code>\n<h4>11. rm command<\/h4>\nYou can use this command to delete directory files on a permanent basis. The syntax is as follows:\n\n<code>rm [filename1] [filename2] [filename3]<\/code>\n\nTweak the amount of files to suit your needs when writing the command. Make sure you have the \u2018write\u2019 directory permission if you run into any errors.\n\nYou can add these options to adjust the rm command:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-r \u2014 used for recursive deletion of directories and files.<\/li>\n \t<li>-f \u2014 enable removal of files without making a confirmation.<\/li>\n \t<li>-i \u2014 prompt confirmation before you proceed with a deletion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHowever, be careful when using the rm command as deletion cannot be reversed. It may be best to not use the -f and -r options, as they could remove all files. Add the -i option to steer clear of accidental deletions.\n<h4>12. cp command<\/h4>\nThe cp command is used for copying directories or files (and the content they contain) from your present location to a different one. You may use this in various scenarios. For example, if you wanted to copy a file from the present directory to a different folder, you would define both the target path and file\u2019s name:\n\n<code>cp filename.txt \/home\/username\/Documents<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Want to copy the content of one file to a different one in the same directory? You\u2019ll need the destination file and the source:\n\n<code>cp filename1.txt filename2.txt<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>When copying several files to a single directory, use the destination path and names of the relevant files:\n\n<code>cp filename1.txt filename2.txt filename3.txt \/home\/username\/Documents<\/code>\n\nFor copying a whole directory, pass the -R flag followed by the destination directory and the source:\n\n<code>cp -R \/home\/username\/Documents \/home\/username\/Documents_backup<\/code>\n<h4>13. mv command<\/h4>\nThe mv command is suitable for renaming or relocating directories and files. When relocating files or directories, input the name of the file and the directory it\u2019s going to:\n\n<code>mv filename.txt \/home\/username\/Documents<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Additionally, if you want to change the name of a Linux file with this command, use:\n\n<code>mv old_filename.txt new_filename.txt<\/code>\n<h4>14. file command<\/h4>\nWith the file command, you can check file types (e.g. binary or image). The syntax is:\n\n<code>file filename.txt<\/code>\n\nNeed to check several files at the same time? No problem: list them one by one or, for files within the same directory, use their path. You can show further detail by adding the -k option, while the -i option displays the MIME type for the file.\n<h4>15. touch command<\/h4>\nYou can enter the touch command to generate a single blank file in a designated directory path. The syntax is:\n\n<code>touch [option] \/home\/directory\/path\/file.txt<\/code>\n\nHowever, if you want to set up the item in the current folder, just leave the path out. The touch command is also suitable for creating and changing timestamps within a Linux command line.\n<h4>16. tar command<\/h4>\nThe tar command is used to place several items into a single TAR file for archiving. The format is close to ZIP.\n\n<code>tar [options] [archive_file] [target file or directory]<\/code>\n\nIf you wanted to set up a new newarchive.tar archive in a specific directory (such as \/home\/user\/Documents), you could enter:\n\n<code>tar -cvzf newarchive.tar \/home\/user\/Documents<\/code>\n<h4>17. zip and unzip commands<\/h4>\nThe zip command enables compressing items into one ZIP file with the best ratio of compression. The syntax is:\n\n<code>zip [options] zipfile file1 file2\u2026.<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>So, for instance, the following command compresses note.txt into archive.zip within the directory working currently:\n\n<code>zip archive.zip note.txt<\/code>\n\nTo extract the file after it\u2019s compressed, use the unzip command:\n\n<code>unzip [option] file_name.zip<\/code>\n<h2 id=\"commands\">Commands for Processing and Searching Text<\/h2>\nThe following Linux commands are used for text processing and searching:\n<h4>18. cat command<\/h4>\nconcatenate (abbreviated to cat) is a commonplace command in Linux, used for listing, writing, and combining content of files to the standard output. The syntax is:\n\n<code>cat filename.txt<\/code>\n\nThe cat command can be used in different ways:\n<ul>\n \t<li>tac file.txt \u2014 presents content in a reverse order.<\/li>\n \t<li>cat &gt; filen.txt \u2014 generates a new file.<\/li>\n \t<li>Cat file1.txt file2.txt &gt; file3.txt \u2014 combines file1.txt and file2.txt, storing the resulting output into filename3.txt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>19. nano, vi, and jed commands<\/h4>\nWith Linux, you can modify files with vi, nano, jed \u2014 popular text editors. The majority of distros feature vi and nano, but you\u2019ll need to manually install jed if you would rather use that instead. The command syntax is virtually identical for each editor:\n\n<code>nano filename<\/code>\n<code>vi filename<\/code>\n<code>jed filename<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Each of these text editors will generate a target file if one hasn\u2019t been made yet. Generally, nano is best for modifying text files fast, while jed and vi are recommended for both programming and scripting.\n<h4>20. sed command<\/h4>\nWith the sed command, you can locate, delete, or replace file patterns without relying on a text editor. The syntax is:\n\n<code>sed [option] \u2018script\u2019 input_file<\/code>\n\nInside the script, there is the searched regular expression pattern, subcommands, and the replacement string. To change matching patterns, use the <strong>s<\/strong> subcommand. To delete them, go with the <strong>d<\/strong> subcommand instead.\n\nWhen ending the command, you should define the file carrying the pattern to be changed. For example, the following command switches green in colors.txt and hue.txt to yellow:\n\n<code>sed 's\/green\/yellow' colors.txt hue.txt<\/code>\n<h4>21. head command<\/h4>\nWith this command, you can print the initial 10 lines of a text file or piped data in your CLI. The syntax is:\n\n<code>head [option] [file]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you were looking to check out the starting 10 lines of note.txt within the current directory, you could type:\n\n<code>head note.txt<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>There are multiple options for the head command, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-q \u2014 deactivates headers that define the name of the file.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 modifies the amount of lines to be printed (e.g. head -n 8 displays the first 8 only).<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 prints the first customized number of bytes within a file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>22. grep command<\/h4>\nGlobular regular expression (AKA grep) is a command used to locate a word within a file. As it prints every line with the matching strings, this can be very helpful for filtering massive log files in a more efficient way.\n\nIf you were looking for lines featuring mentions of \u2018pink\u2019 in notepad.txt, you would use:\n\n<code>grep pink notepad.txt<\/code>\n<h4>23. awk command<\/h4>\nWith the awk command, you can scan a file\u2019s regular expression patterns or manipulate data that matches. The syntax is as follows:\n\n<code>awk '\/regex pattern\/{action}' input_file.txt<\/code>\n\nThis may be used for various actions, including output expressions (e.g. print) or mathematical operations. The <strong>$n <\/strong>notation is also present, referring to one of the current line\u2019s fields.\n\nIf you need to add several actions, you should list them in their order of execution with semicolons to separate each one. This may take the following form when a command carries statements of a mathematical, conditional, and output nature:\n\n<code>awk -F':' '{ total += $2; students[$1] = $2 } END { average = total \/ length(students); print \"Average:\", average; print \"Above average:\"; for (student in students) if (students[student] &gt; average) print student }' score.txt<\/code>\n\n<h4>24. tail command<\/h4>\nThis command presents a file\u2019s final 10 lines. It\u2019s helpful when assessing new data and errors.\n\nHere\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>tail [option] [file]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>For instance, you can show the final 10 lines of colors.txt with this command:\n\n<code>tail -n colors.txt<\/code>\n\n<h4>25. cut command<\/h4>\nThis command is used to find specific parts of a file and print them as Terminal outputs. The syntax is:\n\n<code>cut [option] [file]<\/code>\n\nHowever, rather than using a file, you can utilize data from standard input instead if you want to. These options can be used to define how a line is sectioned by the command:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-b \u2014 cuts the line by the byte size stated.<\/li>\n \t<li>-f \u2014 picks a particular field.<\/li>\n \t<li>-d \u2014 uses delimiters to section lines.<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 uses specified characters to section lines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWith this command, these options can be combined, a range can be used, and multiple values can be specified. The following command removes the third to fifth field from a list separated by commas:\n\n<code>cut -d',' -f3-5 list.txt<\/code>\n\n<h4>26. sort command<\/h4>\nWith the sort command, you can reorder lines within a file in a particular way. This doesn\u2019t actually change the file, and the result is printed as Terminal outputs. Use the following syntax:\n\n<code>sort [option] [file] <\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The sort command orders the lines alphabetically as standard. However, you can change the arrangement method with the following options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-r \u2014 reverse the sorting order (from ascending to descending).<\/li>\n \t<li>-o \u2014 directs command outputs to a different file.<\/li>\n \t<li>-k \u2014 rearranges data in a particular field.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 arranges a file in a numerical way.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>27. tee command<\/h4>\nUsing the tee command allows you to write input to Terminal\u2019s output and files. The syntax is:\n\n<code>command | tee [option] file1<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>With the below command, Google is pinged and the output is printed in Terminal, ping_result.txt, and the 19092024.txt file:\n\n<code>ping google.com | tee ping_result.txt 19092024.txt<\/code>\n\n<h4>28. diff command<\/h4>\nThis command is used to compare the content of two separate files then output the differences found. You can modify a program without having to change the code when you use the diff command. The general syntax is:\n\n<code>diff [option] file1 file2<\/code>\n\nThe following options can be used:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-u \u2014 displays the output with all redundant data removed.<\/li>\n \t<li>-i \u2014 sets the diff command to be case insensitive.<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 presents, in a context form, two files\u2019 differences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4>29. find command<\/h4>\nThe find command looks for files in a particular directory. Here\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>find [option] [path] [expression]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>So, you can use this command to look for file5.txt in the directory folder and its subdirectories:\n\n<code>find \/home -name file5.txt<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>However, with the path removed, the find command will look for the current working directory. The following command can also be used to locate directories:\n\n<code>find .\/ -type d -name directoryname<\/code>\n\n<h4>30. locate command<\/h4>\nWith the locate command, you can locate a file within the database system. Use the -i option to deactivate case sensitivity, and enter an asterisk to search for content using several keywords. If you were looking for files with the words work and log in them, no matter what the case of their characters, you could use:\n\n<code>locate -i work*log<\/code>\n\n<h2 id=\"network\">Network Management and Problem Solving Commands<\/h2>\nHere are Linux commands for troubleshooting and network management:\n<h4>31. wget command<\/h4>\nThe wget command is used for downloading internet files via FTP, HTTP, or HTTPS protocols. The syntax is:\n\n<code>wget [option] [url]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you wanted to download the most up-to-date WordPress release, you could enter:\n\n<code>wget https:\/\/wordpress.org\/latest.zip<\/code>\n\n<h4>32. curl command<\/h4>\nYou can utilize this command for migrating data from one server to another. Most commonly, the curl command is used to retrieve content from a page on a website to your system using the URL. Here\u2019s how it looks:\n\n<code>curl [option] URL<\/code>\n<ul>\n \t<li>-X \u2014 modifies the standard HTTP GET method.<\/li>\n \t<li>-o (or -O) \u2014 download a file from a particular URL.<\/li>\n \t<li>-F \u2014 uploads a file to a particular location.<\/li>\n \t<li>-H \u2014 delivers a custom header to the specified URL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>33. ping command<\/h4>\nAmong Linux users, ping is an incredibly popular command. You can utilize this to discover if a specific server or network can be reached. That\u2019s great when facing problems with connectivity. The syntax is as follows:\n\n<code>ping [option] [hostname_or_IP_address]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>When checking Bing\u2019s connection and response time, you could input:\n\n<code>ping bing.com<\/code>\n\n<h4>34. rsync command<\/h4>\nWith the resync command, you can sync folders or files between two locations. This is helpful for making sure that the content is the same in both. The syntax is:\n\n<code>rsync [options] source destination<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>When a folder is the source or destination, you should input the directory path in this way: \/home\/directory\/path. When syncing a remote server, enter the IP address and hostname (such as host@209.28.10.199).\n\nThere are a number of options with the resync command:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-v \u2014 displays visual details about the file that has been transferred.<\/li>\n \t<li>-z \u2014 compresses files that have been transferred to make them smaller.<\/li>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 activates archive mode for preservation of certain attributes (such as file permissions and dates).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>35. scp command<\/h4>\nThe scp command is used to copy files and directories from system to system, via a network, in a secure way. The syntax is:\n\n<code>scp [option] [source username@IP]:\/[directory and file name] [destination username@IP]:\/[destination directory]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Take out the IP address and hostname for a local system. You can change the copying behavior with these options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-l \u2014 restricts the bandwidth for the scp command.<\/li>\n \t<li>-P \u2014 modifies the port for copying (it\u2019s 22 as standard).<\/li>\n \t<li>-C \u2014 make data smaller, through compression, after transferral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>36. netstat command<\/h4>\nWith the netstat command, you can view the network information for your system (such as sockets). The syntax is:\n\n<code>netstat [option]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The following options can be used to change the data shown:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-t \u2014 displays TCP connections.<\/li>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 shows sockets that are closed and listening.<\/li>\n \t<li>-r \u2014 shows routing tables.<\/li>\n \t<li>-u \u2014 presents all UDP connections.<\/li>\n \t<li>-i \u2014 displays network interface details.<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 outputs network information on a continuous basis, which is helpful if you want to monitor it in real-time.<\/li>\n \t<li>-p \u2014 shows the name and process IDs for programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>37. iconfig command<\/h4>\nUse the iconfig command to view and set up the network interface for your system (the same as the ip command in the latest Linux distros). The syntax is:\n\n<code>ifconfig [interface] [option]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you run this command without arguments, it presents information on each of your system\u2019s network interfaces. When you need to see a particular interface, enter its name as an argument with no option.\n\nHowever, these options can be used for different tasks:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Up and down \u2014 activates and deactivates network interfaces.<\/li>\n \t<li>-s \u2014 summarizes all network interfaces and their setup (placed in front of the name of an interface).<\/li>\n \t<li>netmask \u2014 defines the subnet mask that should be used with an IPv4 address.<\/li>\n \t<li>inet and inet6 \u2014 allocates an IPv4 or IPv6 address to an interface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>38. nslookup command<\/h4>\nThis command is for querying DNS servers to discover the domain linked with a particular IP address and vice versa. The syntax is:\n\n<code>nslookup [options] domain-or-ip [server]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The command will utilize your system\u2019s or ISP\u2019s standard resolver unless you state which DNS server to use instead. The nslookup command has a number of options including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-retry= \u2014 repeats a query a particular number of times before it fails.<\/li>\n \t<li>-type= \u2014 queries certain details, such as an MX record.<\/li>\n \t<li>-debug \u2014 activates the debug mode to give you additional information on a query.<\/li>\n \t<li>-port= \u2014 establishes the DNS server\u2019s port number for a query.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>39. traceroute command<\/h4>\nUse the traceroute command to track the path of a packet while it migrates to a different host via a network. This provides details about the routers and the length of time the process takes. The syntax is:\n\n<code>traceroute [option] destination<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The hostname, IP address, or domain can all be used for the destination. For deeper monitoring of packets, add these options to the command:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 allows for faster tracing by stopping the command from resolving IP addresses to hostnames.<\/li>\n \t<li>-l \u2014 modifies the standard UDP packets to UCMP.<\/li>\n \t<li>-w \u2014 specifies the number of seconds that must pass before a timeout occurs.<\/li>\n \t<li>-m \u2014 defines the maximum hops for every packet involved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"misc\">Miscellaneous commands<\/h2>\nHere is a list of Linux commands with a variety of functions:\n<h4>40. history command<\/h4>\nThe history command shows you a list of all commands you have executed in the past. The benefit of this command is that you can reuse others without needing to write them again.\n\nHow do you use it? Just input the following with sudo privileges:\n\n<code>history [option]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>If you want to go back to a particular utility, input an exclamation mark and the number for the specific command as it appears on the list. That might look like this:\n\n<code>!180<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>You can use various options with this, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-d offset \u2014 deletes the history item at the offset point on the list.<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 wipes the history list.<\/li>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 adds to history lines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>41. dig command<\/h4>\nThe domain information groper (or dig for short) command collects a domain\u2019s DNS data. This is a more versatile command than nslookup (covered previously). The syntax is:\n\n<code>dig [option] target [query_type]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Switch \u2018target\u2019 in this example for the relevant domain name. The dig command also displays <strong>A<\/strong> record type as standard, so you need to modify \u2018query_type\u2019 to check a particular record type or use <strong>ANY<\/strong> to query them all.\n\nIf you want to do a reverse DNS lookup, add the -x option and make the ID address the target.\n<h4>42. echo command<\/h4>\nWith the echo command, you can present a text line as a standard output. Here\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>echo [option] [string] <\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>echo command has various options, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 shows the output but omits the trailing newline.<\/li>\n \t<li>-e \u2014 enables interpretation of these two escapes:<\/li>\n \t<li>\/b \u2014 takes out the spaces between texts.<\/li>\n \t<li>\/c \u2014 creates no additional output.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>43. man command<\/h4>\nThe man command is used to access a user manual for all utilities of Linux Terminal. This contains nine sections, and includes names, options, and descriptions.\u00a0 The sections are:\n<ul>\n \t<li>System calls<\/li>\n \t<li>Games<\/li>\n \t<li>Library calls<\/li>\n \t<li>Executable programs or shell commands<\/li>\n \t<li>File formats and conventions<\/li>\n \t<li>Special files<\/li>\n \t<li>Miscellaneous<\/li>\n \t<li>System administration commands<\/li>\n \t<li>Kernel routines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe syntax is:\n\n<code>man [option] [section_number] command_name<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Terminal presents the complete user manual when you only make the command name the parameter. For instance, if you were to enter <strong>man 2 mv<\/strong>, you would view section 2 of the command manual for mv command.\n<h4>44. cal command<\/h4>\nIf you want to output a calendar in Linux Terminal, the cal command will do that for you. The calendar presents the present date by default unless you specify a particular month and year you want to view.\n\nThe syntax is:\n\n<code>cal [option] [month] [year]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>With the cal command, months are represented by their number (from 1 to 12). To change the command output, use these options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-1 \u2014 outputs the calendar in one line.<\/li>\n \t<li>-m \u2014 begins the calendar with Monday, not Sunday.<\/li>\n \t<li>-3 displays the previous, present, and forthcoming month.<\/li>\n \t<li>-A and -B \u2014 shows a specific range of months before and after the present one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>45. ln command<\/h4>\nThe ln command is used to streamline system management by linking files or directories. The syntax is:\n\n<code>ln [option] [source] [destination] <\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Using the ln command will set up a target directory or file, which is then linked to the relevant source. This generates a hard link: the new item and the data block both link back to the source.\n<h4>46. alias and unalias commands<\/h4>\nYou can input the alias command to tell the shell to swap one string with a different one. This lets you set up a shortcut for a specific file name, text, or program. The syntax is:\n\n<code>alias name=string<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>So, for instance, the echo command alias might be a simple \u2018e\u2019:\n\n<code>alias e=\u2018echo\u2019<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>There is no output with this command. If you want to see the alias connected to a specific command, use this:\n\n<code>alias command_name<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Utilize the unalias command to delete an alias:\n\n<code>unalias [alias_name]<\/code>\n\n<h4>47. apt-get command<\/h4>\nThe apt-get command is used to handle the Advanced Package Tool (APT) libraries in the Debian-based Linux (as with Ubuntu). You\u2019ll need the root or sudo privileges for this, though.\n\nUsing the apt-get command allows you to update, install, remove, and generally manage software. The basic syntax is:\n\n<code>apt-get [options] [command]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The most popular apt-get commands include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>upgrade \u2014 installs the most up-to-date version of previously installed packages.<\/li>\n \t<li>update \u2014 syncs package files from sources.<\/li>\n \t<li>check \u2014 updates the package cache and assess broken dependencies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"system\">Linux System Management and Information Commands<\/h2>\nThe following Linux commands cover system management and information queries.\n<h4>48. du command<\/h4>\nThe du command is helpful for checking the amount of storage that a specific file or directory consumes. Make sure you\u2019re specific about directory paths with du command. For instance:\n\n<code>du \/home\/user\/Pictures<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>You can use various options with the du command, including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-m \u2014 displays file and information folder in megabytes (MB).<\/li>\n \t<li>-s \u2014 shows the overall size of a specific folder.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 reveals the date of the most recent adjustment to the files and folders shown.<\/li>\n \t<li>-k \u2014 shows information in kilobytes (KB).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>49. df command<\/h4>\nThe df command lets you check out the amount of disk space that a Linux system uses, in both kilobytes and percentages. The syntax is:\n\n<code>df [options] [file]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The command shows details on all file systems mounted unless you specify a particular item. Options suitable for the df command are:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-k \u2014 prints the system usage of a file in kilobytes.<\/li>\n \t<li>-m \u2014 shows file system usage in megabytes.<\/li>\n \t<li>-T \u2014 displays the type of a file system in a new column.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>50. ps command<\/h4>\nUse the ps command to generate an overview of every system process running. If you execute it with no argument or option, it will show a list of processes running in the shell with this information:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Terminal type (TTY)<\/li>\n \t<li>Process ID (PID)<\/li>\n \t<li>Command to start the process (CMD)<\/li>\n \t<li>CPU usage time for a specific process (TIME)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe ps command can be used with multiple options, such as:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-u username \u2014 displays processes linked to a particular user.<\/li>\n \t<li>-A \u2014 lists every running process.<\/li>\n \t<li>-T \u2014 shows every process connected to the present shell session.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>51. top command<\/h4>\nYou can utilize the top command to see the condition of a system and its running processes (e.g resource usage). This command is helpful for discovering which processes consume resources the most, so you can deactivate them as necessary.\n\nIf you want to use the top command, just type the following word into your CLI:\n\n<code>top<\/code>\n<h4>52. htop command<\/h4>\nIf you\u2019re looking to monitor server processes and system resources, use the htop command. It\u2019s different to the top command in that it utilizes visual indication and mouse functions. Here\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>htop [options]<\/code>\n\nThis command can be used with the following options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-h \u2014 shows the help message with exits.<\/li>\n \t<li>-c \u2014 activates monochrome mode.<\/li>\n \t<li>-d \u2014 shows delays between updates (using tenths of a second).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>53. hostname command<\/h4>\nUse this command to view the hostname for your system. The syntax is:\n\n<code>hostname [option]<\/code>\n\nWhile you can use this command with no options, you may want to run it with one of these:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-A \u2014 displays the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) for the machine.<\/li>\n \t<li>-i \u2014 outputs the IP address of the machine.<\/li>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 shows the alias of the hostname.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>54. uname command<\/h4>\nThe unix name or uname command prints details related to your machine, such as the Linux kernel and system name. Here\u2019s the syntax:\n\n<code>uname [option]<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>You can run this command with no option, you may add one of these options to adjust it:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-s \u2014 outputs kernel name.<\/li>\n \t<li>-a \u2014 prints all system details.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 presents the node hostname for the system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>55. watch command<\/h4>\nWith the watch command, you can run a specific utility on a continuous basis, at an interval of your choosing. The results may be printed as a standard output.\n\nThe syntax is:\n\n<code>watch [option] command<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The watch command is helpful to monitor alterations in command output. You can utilize these options to change the way it behaves:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-t \u2014 deactivates the header that carries the time interval, timestamp, hostname, and command itself.<\/li>\n \t<li>-d \u2014 shows how the command executions differ.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 modifies the standard interval of two seconds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>56. time command<\/h4>\nThe time command is used to measure the execution time of commands. The syntax is:\n\n<code>time [commandname]<\/code>\n\nIf you want to measure a command series, the commands should be separated with two ampersands or semicolons. As an example, let\u2019s measure the execution times of the watch, ps, and pwd commands:\n\n<code>time watch \/home\/directory\/path; ps bashscript.sh; pwd +x bashscript.sh<\/code>\n<h4>57. systemctl command<\/h4>\nYou can use the systemctl command for managing services that you have installed on your Linux machine. Here\u2019s the syntax for the systemctl command:\n\n<code>systemctl [commandname] [service_name]<\/code>\n\nHowever, if you want to use the systemctl command, you\u2019ll need root privilege first. There are a number of use cases for this command, such as starting or ending a particular service. You may also use it to view the dependencies and current status of a service.\n\nPlease note: the systemctl command is available when the Systemd init system is present in Linux distros.\n<h4>58. shutdown command<\/h4>\nIf you want to switch off your Linux system or restart it again at a particular time, you can take advantage of the shutdown command. The syntax for this is:\n\n<code>shutdown [option] [time] \u201cmessage\u201d<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The time format used for the shutdown command can vary: you may use 24 hours or, for example, +20 if you want to initiate the process 20 minutes from now. Users who are logged into the system will receive a notification (the \u201cmessage\u201d) about the shutdown once it\u2019s put into place.\n\nHowever, you can restart the system instead of shutting it down \u2014 use the -r option to do that. But if you want to cancel a system restart once it\u2019s scheduled, use the -c option with the command.\n<h4>59. kill command<\/h4>\nThe kill command enables you to end a program that stops responding. You can use its identification number (PID), which you can check with this:\n\n<code>ps ux<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Use the following syntax to end the program:\n\n<code>kill [signal_option] pid<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The two most widely used signals for program termination are SIGKILL and SIGTERM, though there are more than 60 in total. SIGTERM is the default one and allows the program to save its current progress ahead of its termination, while SIGKILL force-stops programs and removes any progress that is unsaved.\n<h4>60. jobs command<\/h4>\nUsing this command, you can view the active processes of a shell with their statuses. This is available in the following shells only: bash, ksh, tcsh, and csh. The syntax is:\n\n<code>jobs [options] jobID<\/code>\n\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Type <strong>jobs <\/strong>in Terminal, with no arguments, when you need to see the status of jobs in the current shell. If there are no jobs running on your Linux system, the jobs command will return an empty output. You can also utilize these options:\n<ul>\n \t<li>-p \u2014 shows process IDs.<\/li>\n \t<li>-l \u2014 displays process IDs and the relevant details about them.<\/li>\n \t<li>-n \u2014 lists jobs that have undergone status changes since the most recent notification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"hints\">More Hints for Using Linux Commands<\/h2>\nLooking for ways to make system management more efficient? Check out these Linux commands:\n<ul>\n \t<li>To close Terminal, just enter the <strong>exit <\/strong><\/li>\n \t<li>Tap the <strong>Tab <\/strong>button after you input a command, with no argument, to autofill.<\/li>\n \t<li>Use the <strong>-help <\/strong>option to display a command\u2019s total usage.<\/li>\n \t<li>Press <strong>Ctrl+C <\/strong>to end a command that\u2019s currently running.<\/li>\n \t<li>Input <strong>clear <\/strong>to wipe the Terminal screen.<\/li>\n \t<li>Press <strong>Ctrl+z <\/strong>if you want to put a currently working command on pause.<\/li>\n \t<li>To jump to the end of a line, press <strong>Ctrl+E<\/strong>.<\/li>\n \t<li>To jump to the start of a line, press <strong>Ctrl+A<\/strong>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Use double ampersands or semicolons to keep several commands separate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"final\">Conclusion<\/h2>\nNow that we\u2019ve reached the end of our massive guide to common Linux commands, we hope you have learned some fantastic tips for making administrative tasks easier and more efficient on your Linux system. You can use these to take advantage of features that you might be unable to with a GUI.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Administrators typically rely on a command-line interface (CLI) when managing a Linux remote system (such as a virtual private server). Numerous Linux distros feature a graphical user interface (GUI), which some users may find more helpful than a CLI. However, entering commands tends to be smoother and more flexible via a CLI. For instance, you [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":220053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7138],"tags":[9010,12749,9009,8911],"coauthors":[12712],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.7 (Yoast SEO v22.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Most Important Linux Commands - Easy-To-Use Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the most common Linux commands and their functions in our massive, easy-to-use guide.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elvis Plesky\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"28 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/\",\"name\":\"Most Important Linux Commands - Easy-To-Use Guide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/cdn1.plesk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10205034\/ft-linux-commands.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-06T14:39:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-10T20:40:19+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/#\/schema\/person\/64acc004472c57a809a39950e0f10153\"},\"description\":\"Discover the most common Linux commands and their functions in our massive, easy-to-use guide.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cdn1.plesk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10205034\/ft-linux-commands.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/cdn1.plesk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10205034\/ft-linux-commands.png\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Linux commands\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/blog\/various\/most-important-linux-commands\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Most Important Linux Commands\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/\",\"name\":\"Plesk\",\"description\":\"Build, Secure and Run Apps and Websites\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/#\/schema\/person\/64acc004472c57a809a39950e0f10153\",\"name\":\"Elvis Plesky\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.plesk.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/0e57b77e6fd2339c50bd6d5333b10c0c\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cdn1.plesk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/27015230\/elvis_plesky_plesk-300x300-96x96.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/cdn1.plesk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/27015230\/elvis_plesky_plesk-300x300-96x96.png\",\"caption\":\"Elvis Plesky\"},\"description\":\"Our fun and curious team mascot's always plugged into the latest trends. 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